Electrolytes are chemical substances that help our cells generate energy, maintain cell membrane stability, and support essential bodily functions.
Our bodies require approximately 500 mg of sodium daily for vital functions, along with other key electrolytes including potassium, calcium, bicarbonate, magnesium, chloride, and phosphate. These electrolytes are present in blood, body fluids, and urine and are obtained from food, drinks, and dietary supplements.
Role of Electrolytes
Electrolytes are essential for:
- Nerve and muscle function
- Hydration
- Balancing blood acidity (pH) and blood pressure
- Rebuilding damaged tissues
- Supporting the heart, muscles, and nervous system in carrying impulses between cells
What is an Electrolyte Imbalance?
An electrolyte imbalance occurs when the levels of electrolytes in the blood become too high or too low. These changes can result from fluctuations in body water levels or other factors. Sodium and potassium imbalances are the most common.
Causes of Electrolyte Imbalances
Electrolytes such as sodium and potassium are lost through sweat during exercise, or affected by vomiting or diarrhea. Failing to replenish lost electrolytes can disrupt bodily functions and cause serious health issues.
Types of Electrolyte Imbalances
Electrolyte imbalances may involve elevated levels (hyper) or low levels (hypo) of specific electrolytes:
- Calcium: hypercalcemia, hypocalcemia
- Chloride: hyperchloremia, hypochloremia
- Magnesium: hypermagnesemia, hypomagnesemia
- Phosphate: hyperphosphatemia, hypophosphatemia
- Potassium: hyperkalemia, hypokalemia
- Sodium: hypernatremia, hyponatremia
Who is at Risk?
While anyone can develop an electrolyte imbalance, certain conditions and lifestyle factors increase the risk:
- Kidney disease
- Thyroid or adrenal disorders
- Congestive heart failure
- Poor diet or alcohol abuse
- Cirrhosis
- Eating disorders
- Prolonged vomiting or diarrhea
- Severe dehydration or inadequate fluid intake after exercise
- Certain medications, including diuretics
Symptoms of Electrolyte Imbalances
Symptoms vary depending on which electrolyte is affected and whether levels are high or low. Common signs include:
- Weakness or fatigue
- Muscle twitching or spasms
- Irregular heartbeat or blood pressure changes
- Confusion or memory issues
- Numbness or tingling
- Seizures or convulsions
- Bone or nervous system disorders
Excess calcium can occur in patients with cancer (breast, lung, multiple myeloma) and may cause:
- Frequent urination
- Lethargy or fatigue
- Irregular heartbeat
- Nausea, vomiting, or stomach pain
- Mood changes
- Muscle weakness
- Thirst, dry mouth
- Appetite loss, constipation
- Confusion or, in severe cases, coma
Prevention
For people without an underlying medical condition, electrolyte imbalances can often be prevented by:
- Staying hydrated after exercise or during prolonged vomiting/diarrhea
- Maintaining a balanced diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and minerals
Diagnosis
If an imbalance is suspected, your GP may refer you to a specialist endocrinologist, such as Dr Imran, for evaluation and management.
Diagnosis may include:
- Medical history review
- Blood tests for electrolyte and kidney function
- Physical examination (reflexes, skin tests)
- ECG or EKG to monitor heart rhythm
- Additional tests as required
Treatment
Treatment depends on the type of imbalance and its underlying cause. Common approaches include:
- IV fluids to restore electrolyte levels
- Prescription oral or IV medications
- Supplements to correct deficiencies
In severe cases, haemodialysis may be required to remove waste and restore electrolyte balance, particularly if kidney damage is involved.
Electrolyte imbalances can be serious and require specialist management.
If you suspect an imbalance or require treatment, please ask your GP for a referral and contact our rooms on 07 3050 4907 to arrange a consultation with Dr Imran.